The Forbidden Game The Chase Chapter 2 Free Essays

She looked in on Tom’s business law class first, but he wasn’t there. She headed downstairs. Then she began to forge her way across campus, weaving around fellow students who were staking out their favorite benches. We will write a custom essay sample on The Forbidden Game: The Chase Chapter 2 or any similar topic only for you Order Now She could hear paper bags rustling and smell other peoples’ lunches. Jenny’s group hadn’t been eating together these last two weeks-it caused too much talk. But today they had no choice. Audrey next, Jenny thought. She passed the amphitheater with its blistered wooden benches and looked into one of the home ec rooms. Audrey was taking interior decorating, and-of course-acing it. Jenny just stood in the doorway until Audrey, who was lingering with the teacher, looked up and caught her eye. Audrey shut her folder, dropped it in her backpack, and came. â€Å"What is it?† â€Å"We’ve got to get everybody,† Jenny said. â€Å"Do you have your lunch?† â€Å"Yes.† Audrey didn’t ask why they had to get everybody. She just shook spiky copper bangs out of her eyes with an expert toss of her head and pressed her cherry-glossed lips together. They cut across the center of campus toward the girls’ gym. The sun shone on Jenny’s head, sending a little trickle of dampness down the back of her neck. Too hot for May, even in California. So why did she feel so cold inside? She and Audrey peered into the girls’ locker room. Dee wasn’t even dressed yet, snapping towels and snickering with a couple of girls on the swim team. She was naked and completely unself-conscious, beautiful and lithe and supple as a jet-black panther. When she saw Jenny and Audrey looking at her significantly, she hiked an eyebrow at them, then nodded. She reached for a garnet-colored T-shirt and joined them a minute later. They found Zach in the art block, standing alone outside the photography lab. That wasn’t surprising -Zach was usually alone. What surprised Jenny was that he wasn’t inside the lab, working. Zach’s thin, intense face had always been pale, but these days it looked almost chalky, and in the last few weeks he’d taken to wearing black cotton twills and shirts. He’s changed, Jenny thought. Well, no wonder. What they’d been through would have changed anyone. He saw Jenny, who tilted her head in the general direction of the staff parking lot. The usual place. He gave a brief jerk of his head that meant agreement. He’d meet them there. They found Michael near the English block, picking up scattered papers and books from the concrete floor. â€Å"Jerks, porkers, bozos, Neanderthals,† he was muttering. â€Å"Who did it?† Jenny asked as Audrey checked Michael for bruises. â€Å"Carl Vertman and Steve Matsushima.† Michael’s round face was flushed and his dark hair even more rumpled than usual. â€Å"It would help if you kissed it here, â€Å"he said to Audrey, pointing to the corner of his mouth. Dee did a swift, flowing punch-and-kick to the air that looked like dancing. â€Å"I’ll take care of them,† she said, flashing her most barbaric smile. â€Å"Come on, we’ve got to talk,† Jenny said. â€Å"Has anybody seen Tom?† â€Å"I think he cut this morning,† Audrey said. â€Å"He wasn’t in history or English.† Wonderful, Jenny thought as Michael got his lunch. Zachary was wearing Morbid Black, Michael was getting stomped, and Tom, the super-student, was cutting whole mornings-just when she needed him most. They sat down by the parking lot on what was commonly known at Vista Grande High as the grassy knoll. Zach arrived and dropped first his lunch sack, then himself to the ground, folding his long, thin legs in one easy motion. â€Å"What’s happening?† Dee said. Jenny took a deep breath. â€Å"There’s this girl,† she said, and she did her best to describe the Crying Girl. â€Å"Probably a ninth grader,† she said. â€Å"Do any of you guys know her?† They all shook their heads. â€Å"Because she said we killed Summer and hid her body, and that she knew that P.C. didn’t do it. She sounded like somebody who really did know, and not just because she has faith in him or something.† Dee’s sloe-black eyes were narrowed. â€Å"You think-â€Å" â€Å"I think maybe she saw him that morning. And that means-â€Å" â€Å"Maybe she knows where the paper house is,† Michael said, looking more alarmed than excited. â€Å"If she does, we have to find her,† Jenny said. Michael groaned. Jenny didn’t blame him. Everything about their situation was awful. The way people looked at them now, the questions in people’s eyes-and the danger. The danger that no one but their group knew about. A lot of it was Jenny’s fault. It had been her own brilliant idea. Let’s tell the police the truth†¦. There were two policewomen. One was Hawaiian or Polynesian and model-beautiful. The other was a stocky motherly person. They both examined the pile of fragments around the sliding glass door. â€Å"But that doesn’t have anything to do with Summer,† Jenny said, and then she and Tom and Michael and Audrey explained it all again. No, it hadn’t been a UFO. Well, it had been sort of like a UFO-Julian was alien, all right, but he hadn’t broken the door. He had come out of a game-or at least he had sucked them into a game. Or at least-All right. From the beginning again. Jenny had bought the game on Montevideo Avenue, in a store called More Games. Okay? She’d bought it and brought it home and they had all opened it. Yes, they’d all been here, the six of them, plus Summer. It had been a party for Tom’s seventeenth birthday. Inside had been this cardboard house. This model. They had put it together, a Victorian house, three stories and a turret. Blue. Then they’d put these paper dolls inside that they’d colored to look like themselves. Yeah, right, they were a little old to be playing with paper dolls. But it wasn’t just a dollhouse. It was a game. The game was to draw your worst nightmare and put it in a room of the house, and then, starting at the bottom, work your way up to the top. Going through each different person’s nightmare as you went. It had seemed like a good game. Only then it turned real. Yes, real. Real. How many different ways were there to say real? Real! They had all sort of passed out, and when they woke up, they were in the house. Inside it. It wasn’t cardboard anymore. It was solid, like an ordinary house. Then Julian had showed up. Who was Julian? What was Julian, that was the question. If you thought of him as a demon prince, you wouldn’t be too far off. He called himself the Shadow Man. The Shadow Man. Like the Sandman, only he brings nightmares. Look, the point was that Julian had killed Summer. He made her face her worst nightmare, which was a messy room. Piles of garbage and giant cockroaches. Yes, it did sound funny, but it wasn’t†¦. No, none of them had read Kafka. Look, it wasn’t funny because it had killed Summer. She’d been buried in a garbage dump from hell, under piles of filth and rotting stuff. They’d heard her screaming and screaming, and then finally the screaming had stopped. The body? For God’s sake, where else would the body be? It was there, buried in rubbish, in the paper house, in the Shadow World. No! The sliding glass door did not have anything to do with it. That had happened after they escaped from the Shadow World. Jenny had tricked Julian and locked him behind a door with a rune of constraint on it. When they got back to the real world, Jenny had put the paper house back in the game box, and then they’d called the police. Yes, that was the call made at 6:34 this morning. While they were on the phone, they’d heard glass breaking and come out to see two guys taking the box over the back fence. Why would anybody want to steal the box? Well, these guys had been following Jenny when she bought the Game. And seeing the Game-it did something to you. Once you saw that glossy white box, you wanted it, no matter what. The guys had probably followed Jenny home just to get the box. NO, SUMMER DIDN’T GO THAT WAY, TOO! SUMMER WASN’T THERE! SUMMER WAS ALREADY DEAD BY THEN! It was only after telling it that Jenny saw how crazy the story sounded. At first the police wouldn’t believe that Summer was really missing, no matter how many times Tom demanded a lie detector test. The police finally began to believe when they called Summer’s parents and found that nobody had seen her since last night. By then Jenny and the others were sitting in the detective bureau around a large table with detectives’ desks all around them. By then Jenny had picked out pictures of the two guys who’d stolen the game. P.C. Serrani and Scott Martell, better known as Slug, a name he’d chosen himself. They both had records for shoplifting and joyriding. P.C. was the one who’d been wearing the bandanna and black leather vest, Slug the one in the flannels with the bad complexion. And it turned out that they were both missing, too. The worst part was when Summer’s parents came down to the station to ask Jenny where Summer really was. They didn’t understand why Jenny, who had known Summer since fourth grade, wouldn’t tell them the truth now. The kids finally were given a drug-screening test because Summer’s father insisted their story sounded exactly like things he’d seen in the sixties. Like a very, very bad trip. Mrs. Parker-Pearson kept saying, â€Å"Whatever Summer’s done, it doesn’t matter. Just tell us where she is.† It was horrible. Aba was the one who finally stopped it. Just at the point when the fuss got the biggest and noisiest, she appeared. She was wearing a brilliant orange garment that was more like a robe than a dress, and an orange headcloth like a turban. She was Dee’s grandmother, but she looked like visiting royalty. She asked the police to leave her alone with the children. Then Jenny, shaking all over, told the story again. From the beginning. When it was over, she looked at each of them. At Tom, the champion athlete, sitting with his normally neat dark hair wildly tousled. At Audrey, the ever-chic, with her mascara rubbed off from sobbing. At Zach, the unshakable photographer, whose gray eyes were glassy with shock. At Michael, with his rumpled head in his arms. At Dee, the only one of them still sitting up straight, proud and tense and furious, her hair glistening like mica with sweat. At Jenny, who had looked back at her with a mute plea for understanding. Then Aba looked down at her own interlaced fingers, sculptor’s fingers, long and beautiful even if they were knotted with age. â€Å"I’ve told you a lot of stories,† she said to Jenny, â€Å"but there’s a famous one I don’t think you’ve heard. It’s a Hausa story. My ancestors were those-who-speak-Hausa, you know, and my mother told me this when I was just a little girl.† Michael slowly lifted his head from the table. â€Å"Once there was a hunter who went out into the bush, and he found a skull lying on the ground. He said, although he was really speaking to himself, ‘Why, how did you get here?’ â€Å"To his astonishment, the skull answered, ‘I got here through talking, my friend.'† Tom leaned forward, listening. Audrey stared. She didn’t know Aba as well as the rest of them. Aba went right on. â€Å"The hunter was very excited. He ran back to his village and told everyone that he had seen a talking skull. When the chief of the village heard, he asked the hunter to take him to the marvelous skull. â€Å"So the hunter took the chief to the skull. ‘Talk,’ he said, but the skull just lay there. The chief was so angry at being tricked that he cut off the hunter’s head and left it lying on the ground. â€Å"Once the chief was gone, the skull said to the severed head beside it, ‘Why, how did you get here?’ And the head replied, ‘I got here through talking, my friend!'† In the long silence afterward, Jenny could hear distant telephones ringing and voices outside the room. â€Å"You mean,† Michael said finally, â€Å"that we’ve been talking too much?† â€Å"I mean that you don’t need to tell everything you know to everyone. There is a time to be silent. Also, you don’t have to insist that your view is the only one, even if you honestly believe it. That hunter might have lived if he’d said, ‘I think a skull talked to me, but I may have dreamed it.'† â€Å"But we didn’t dream it,† Jenny whispered. What Aba said then made all the difference. It made everything easier somehow. â€Å"I believe you,† she said quietly and laid a gentle, knotted hand on Jenny’s. When the police came back, everyone was calm. Jenny’s group now admitted that while they thought they were telling the truth, it could have been some sort of dream or hallucination. The police now theorized that something really had happened to Summer, something so awful that the kids just couldn’t accept what they’d seen, and so had made up a hysterical story to cover the memory. Teenagers were especially prone to mass hallucination, Inspector Somebody explained to Aba. If they could pass a lie detector test, proving they hadn’t done anything to Summer †¦ They passed. Then the police released them into the custody of their parents, and Jenny went home and slept for sixteen hours straight. When she woke up, it was Sunday and Summer was still missing. So were Slug and P.C. That was how the Center got started. The new idea was that Slug and P.C. had made off with Summer, or that someone else had made off with all three. The local shopping mall donated space for a search center. Hundreds of volunteers went out looking in stormpipes and ditches and Dumpsters. There was nothing Jenny could do to stop any of it. Every day the volunteers did more, the search got bigger. She felt awful. But then she realized something. Summer’s body wasn’t in a Dumpster-but the paper house might be. It wouldn’t do any good searching for Summer, but it might do some good to search for Slug and P.C. â€Å"Because,† she pointed out bleakly to Dee and the others, â€Å"they got into the paper house, all right. And that means they might get up to the third floor. And that means they might open a certain door and let Julian out. †¦Ã¢â‚¬  After that they went out every day with the other volunteers, looking for a clue to where Slug Martell and P.C. Serrani might have taken the Game. It was a race against time, Jenny thought. To get to the house before Slug and P.C. got to Julian. Because after what she had done to Julian, tricking him and locking him behind that door, and after what she had promised him-telling him she’d stay with him forever-and then running away †¦ If he ever got out, he would find her. He’d hunt her down. And he’d take his revenge. On the grassy knoll Michael was still groaning at the thought of finding the Crying Girl. â€Å"She probably doesn’t know anything,† Zach said, his eyes gray as winter clouds. â€Å"She probably just wonders if maybe we did it. Deep down, I think everybody wonders.† Jenny looked around at the group: Dee sprawled lazily on the grass, dark limbs gleaming; Audrey perched on a folder to save her white tuxedo pant-suit; Michael with his teddy-bear body and sarcastic spaniel eyes; and Zach sitting like some kind of Tibetan monk with a ponytail. They didn’t look like murderers. But what Zach was saying was true, and it was just like him to say it. â€Å"We’ve got to go postering today anyway,† Audrey said. â€Å"We might as well look for this girl while we’re at it.† â€Å"It’s not going to make any difference,† Zach said flatly. How to cite The Forbidden Game: The Chase Chapter 2, Essay examples

Human Resource Planning

Question: Discuss about theHuman Resource Planning. Answer: Introduction Human resource planning defines the necessity and significance of possessing a human resource organization plan. The plan should offer a basic description of what is included in the plan and also discuss the facts and figures that is included in it and it helps the project manager and team to further tackle the project. The Department of Human Resources is accountable for guaranteeing obedience along with documented rules and measures, contracts of labor, and centralized and to have nationwide service laws Providing guidance and the direction to management and employees in all human resources functions supporting the goals and main objectives in order to fulfill the Citys workplace. The staff members Human Resources department is whole heartedly dedicated to deliver the backing and facilities that are, in turn, required to enable employment, enrolment, welfare, workforce, expansion and exercise, management of risk, security, and work relations. This also comprises keeping active work relations with the general public, and other outside factors that are in relation with the organization of the Sunnyside hospital. The Sunnyside Hospital, the focus of the assignment, is situated near the external area of Greater Toronto and provides hospital care in its full potential and caters to the people with heavy persistent loads, mostly on weekends. The Sunnyside hospital consists of a healthy and fully functional administration system, intensive care unit, emergency, long term care unit, maternity ward, medical/ general ward, operating room where surgeries are carried out and pediatrics ward. As an acute care giver, the hospital employs people from different strata of necessities and expertise, one who can develop and deliver health care services. Workforce Analysis In Sunnyside hospital, there is an increase in the number of patients then there is also an increase in the number of the staff members. In this hospital, there are many sections from the top to the lowest and each having their own individual identities and works (Diamandis, 2015). Voluntary Turnover Projection So according to the analysis, it has been seen that if there is an increase of patients to 15% then there should also be the same percent of the increase in the staffing criteria. The number of nurses needs to be increased in Sunnyside hospital at first. The increased turnover can also cause then severe loss if not handle properly (Basu, 2016). Retirement Projection There shall be the need of recruitment not only due to the increase in the number of the patients but also for the replacement of the old retired nurses. Nurses will come and they will also get retired so, this is also a very common problem in Suunyside hospital(Charles Schwab, 2016). LTD Projection This is also another big issue regarding this hospital. According to the history the analysts had declared that this hospital has a lot of long term disability cases. According to this analysis Sunnyside hospital is going to lose the same amount of workers as they have it now. So if they have now 50 registered nurses now then in the upcoming 5 years from 2014-2019 they will lose the same number. Current Vacancies Currently, to meet the urgent increase in the number of patients in Sunnyside hospital there is an excess need for recruitment in every part of the hospital. Moreover, to cope with the situation, the management has decided to open a new wing also. So there are vacancies in every corner of this hospital(Punke, 2014). Recruitment Projections As there are so many vacancies in the Sunny hospital there shall also be the needful recruitments. Now the recruitment criterion is not same for the different recruitment needs. For the nurse, the recruitment criterion for Sunnyside hospital shall be different and for the laundryman, the recruitment criteria shall also be different. Both of their works are different so the qualifications and also the eligibility criterion shall also be different in Sunnyside hospital. (Health Care Insights, 2016). Growth Projections The increase in the growth rate has been a big factor for this hospital. As the growth is increasing they are not being able to meet up with the needful services in Sunnyside hospital because of the decrease in the number of their staff members. So this can also bring down their reputation in the upcoming future(Health Care Insights, 2016). Completion and Discussion of the Final Exam Projection Template From the given excel sheet the values shall change in different situations depending on the different criterion. The values may have to decrease where it might seem to increase. The chart shows so many aspects which are needed to be recruited for the working of this Sunnyside hospital. Recommendation Section If there is an increase in the number of patients then there should also be an equal percent of the increase in the number of staff members. The staff members of this Sunnyside hospital are the people who are actually going to help Sunnyside hospital work in the market. They are the actual people who are the service providers. In Sunnyside hospital, service is the main thing so if there are not enough service providers then there is no use of that hospital. The management should immediately go for new recruitments. In this case, the management of the Sunnyside hospital has to be very careful while selecting people. They have to keep in mind that the people they are selecting are going to be the actual service providers. The service matters the most in all these cases. If there is any flaw in a case of service then that hospital shall lose everything whatever they have gain in the previous years. So the recruitment procedure should be started as soon as possible. References Basu, C. (2016).How to Calculate the Employee Turnover Rate on an Annual Basis. [online] Chron. Available at: https://smallbusiness.chron.com/calculate-employee-turnover-rate-annual-basis-10202.html [Accessed 10 Dec. 2016]. Charles Schwab. (2016).Retirement Calculator. [online] Available at: https://www.schwab.com/public/schwab/investing/retirement_and_planning/saving_for_retirement/retirement_calculator [Accessed 10 Dec. 2016]. Diamandis, P. (2015). Steps in Human Resource Planning (explained with diagram).CBP Certified Business Professional. [online] Available at: https://www.google.co.in/url?sa=trct=jq=esrc=ssource=webcd=7cad=rjauact=8ved=0ahUKEwiQ1aLu0OnQAhUMt48KHYhzBPkQFghHMAYurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.linkedin.com%2Fpulse%2Fsteps-human-resource-planning-explained-diagram-cbpusg=AFQjCNEkM5vnM6zBs4NQR_Ei9eSrai4kcwsig2=_cJOBGA6IuauoG_xKmodbA [Accessed 10 Dec. 2016]. Health Care Insights. (2016).Nursing Shortage Effect on the Health Care Industry: Current Trends, Future Growth. [online] Available at: https://www.schumacherclinical.com/health-care-insights/2016/1/nursing-shortage-effect-on-the-health-care-industry-current-trends-future-growth [Accessed 10 Dec. 2016]. Punke, H. (2014).What Occupations Make Up the Hospital Workforce?. [online] Hospital Review. Available at: https://www.beckershospitalreview.com/human-capital-and-risk/what-occupations-make-up-the-hospital-workforce.html [Accessed 10 Dec. 2016].

Computers Essays (199 words) - Merchant Services, Credit Cards

The Gap is a grand department clothing store that specializes in the following: Men Women GAP Body Gap Maternity Gap kids Baby Gap Site Overview Plug-in QuickTime JavaScript Flash Adobe Acrobat Reader HTML Multimedia Overview QuickTime- to play movies Flash- to view homepage animation and many of their seasonal shops and features Adobe Acrobat Reader- to download certain forms. Site Technology The Gap?s web site (Gap.com) uses HTML Security Technology Credit card safety- The Gap uses Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) technology to protect the security of credit card information. SSL is the gold standard in internet encryption technology. It is a method of scrambling data as it travels from your computer to Gap?s website?s servers. CVV (Credit Card Security Code)- Gap requires to enter credit card?s 3-4 digits security code (CVV), providing it helps to prevent credit card fraud. Privacy Policy Credit card safeguard Cookies Web browsers Plug-ins Screen readers How does The Gap assist the customer in direct response? Phone 1-800-GAPSTLYE E-mail- Gap. COM Mail- 100 Gap Online DriveGrove City, Ohio 43123-8605 If someone steals your credit card information or uses credit card in an unauthorized manner on Gap?s website (as determined by credit card company), Gap will cover up to $50 of the charges your credit card company doesn?t.

The Important Role of US Third Parties

The Important Role of US Third Parties While their candidates for President of the United States and Congress have little chance of being elected, America’s third political parties have historically played a major role in bringing about sweeping social, cultural, and political reform. Womens Right to Vote Both the Prohibition and Socialist Parties promoted the womens suffrage movement during the late 1800s. By 1916, both Republicans and Democrats supported it and by 1920, the 19th Amendment giving women the right to vote had been ratified. Child Labor Laws The Socialist Party first advocated laws establishing minimum ages and limiting hours of work for American children in 1904. The Keating-Owen Act established such laws in 1916. Immigration Restrictions The Immigration Act of 1924 came about as a result of support by the Populist Party starting as early as the early 1890s. Reduction of Working Hours You can thank the Populist and Socialist Parties for the 40-hour work week. Their support for reduced working hours during the 1890s led to the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938. Income Tax In the 1890s, the Populist and Socialist Parties supported a progressive tax system that would base a persons tax liability on their amount of income. The idea led to the ratification of the 16th Amendment in 1913. Social Security The Socialist Party also supported a fund to provide temporary compensation for the unemployed in the late 1920s. The idea led to the creation of laws establishing unemployment insurance and the Social Security Act of 1935. Tough on Crime In 1968, the American Independent Party and its presidential candidate George Wallace advocated getting tough on crime. The Republican Party adopted the idea in its platform and the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 was the result. (George Wallace won 46 electoral votes in the 1968 election. This was the highest number of electoral votes collected by a third party candidate since Teddy Roosevelt, running for the Progressive Party in 1912, won  a total of  88 votes.) America’s First Political Parties The Founding Fathers wanted the American federal government and its inevitable politics to remain non-partisan. As a result, the U.S. Constitution makes no mention whatsoever of political parties. In Federalist Papers No. 9 and No. 10, Alexander Hamilton and James Madison, respectively refer to the dangers of political factions they had observed in the British government. America’s first president, George Washington, never joined a political party and warned against the stagnation and conflict they can cause in his Farewell Address. â€Å"However [political parties] may now and then answer popular ends, they are likely in the course of time and things, to become potent engines, by which cunning, ambitious, and unprincipled men will be enabled to subvert the power of the people and to usurp for themselves the reins of government, destroying afterwards the very engines which have lifted them to unjust dominion.† - George Washington, Farewell Address, September 17, 1796 However, it was Washington’s own closest advisers who spawned the American political party system. Hamilton and Madison, despite writing against political factions in the Federalist Papers, became the core leaders of the first two functional opposing political parties. Hamilton emerged as the leader of the Federalists, who favored a strong central government, while Madison and Thomas Jefferson led the Anti-Federalists, who stood for a smaller, less-powerful central government. It was the early battles between the Federalists and Anti-Federalists that spawned the environment of partisanship that now dominates all levels of American government.   Leading Modern Third Parties While the following is far from all of the recognized third parties in American politics, the Libertarian, Reform, Green, and Constitution Parties are usually the most active in presidential elections. Libertarian Party Founded in 1971, the Libertarian party is the third largest political party in America. Over the years, Libertarian Party candidates have been elected to many state and local offices. Libertarians believe the  federal government  should play a minimal role in the day-to-day affairs of the people. They believe that the only appropriate role of government is to protect the citizens from acts of physical force or fraud. A libertarian-style government would, therefore, limit itself to a police, court, prison system and military. Members support the free market economy and are dedicated to the protection of civil liberties and individual freedom. Reform Party In 1992, Texan H. Ross Perot spent over $60 million of his own money to run for president as an independent. Perots national organization, known as United We Stand America succeeded in getting Perot on the ballot in all 50 states. Perot won 19 percent of the vote in November, the best result for a third party candidate in 80 years. Following the 1992 election, Perot and United We Stand America organized into the Reform Party. Perot again ran for president as the Reform Party candidate in 1996 winning 8.5 percent of the vote. As its name implies, Reform Party members are dedicated to reforming the American political system. They support candidates they feel will re-establish trust in government by displaying high ethical standards coupled with fiscal responsibility and accountability. Green Party The American Green Partys platform is based on the following 10 Key Values: Ecological wisdomCommunity-based economicsGrassroots democracyDecentralizationGender equalityPersonal and social responsibilityRespect for diversityNonviolenceGlobal responsibility Greens seek to restore balance through recognizing that our planet and all of life are unique aspects of an integrated whole, and also through affirming the significant inherent values and contribution of each part of that whole. The Green Party - Hawaii Constitution Party In 1992, American Taxpayer Party presidential candidate Howard Phillips appeared on the ballot in 21 states. Mr. Phillips again ran in 1996, achieving ballot access in 39 states. At its national convention in 1999, the party officially changed its name to the Constitution Party and again chose Howard Phillips as its presidential candidate for 2000. The Constitution Party favors a government based on a strict interpretation of the U.S. Constitution and the principals expressed in it by the Founding Fathers. They support a government limited in scope, structure, and power of regulation over the people. Under this goal, the Constitution Party favors a return of most governmental powers to the states, communities and the people.

The biomedical model of health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The biomedical model of health - Essay Example Although it has been introduced in the nineteenth century, the roots of the model date back to the 17th century when Cartesian dualism existed. After its introduction the model replaced the previously famous Humoral paradigm in the twentieth century. The discovery of antibiotics proved to be a breakthrough in the approval of the model. However in the late twentieth century some of the sociologists again started questioning the integrity of the biomedical model of health as they considered the social wellbeing of an individual to be as important as the biological well being (Curtis 2002; Taylor 2008; Lovallo 2005; Havelka et al 2009). Biomedical Model of Health The biomedical model of health takes its roots from the Cartesian dualism which is dated back to the seventeenth century in the times of Descartes. Cartesian Dualism revolved around the aspect that both mind and body are two separate entities irrespective of their functions. In a similar fashion the model considers physical cau ses to be the main reason for the disease. The model has replaced the previously followed Humoral Paradigm which was formed by the Greeks. According to this paradigm the diseases in a human body are caused because of a certain abnormality in the four basic fluids of the body. In those times the four basic fluids of the body were believed to be blood, black bile, yellow bile and phlegm. The treatment of this paradigm also revolved around the maintenance of these four basic fluids. One thing common about the Humoral paradigm and biomedical model of health is that both of them consider bodily factors to be the cause of the disease (Curtis 2002). The biomedical model of health revolves around certain factors which have to be present. The model states that for a person to be unhealthy he has to have some sort of biological abnormality. It also states that every disease has some specific cause which has to be diagnosed by the doctor in order to cure the patient. It also involves the proce ss of treatment and states that the human body can be reversed back to the normal condition if the right treatment is served to the diseased person. It states that psychological and social processes do not take part in the disease causing process. Moreover it also assumes that mind and body are two different entities that have no such relation with each other. And lastly the health of the whole society is dependent on the resources that are available to the medical society as a whole (Taylor 2008). The model is largely followed all over the world and its principles are also seen to be the most convincing these days. It is because of this model that researches are being conducted on the biochemical and genetic processes of the body to find out about the different diseases. Moreover all the doctors being trained these days are trained on the principles of this model as they have to learn about the internal environment of a human being so that they can treat them. In other words they h ave to understand the human body so that they can intervene in the process of disease that may be causing harm to the patient (Curtis 2002; Taylor & Field 2007). It has helped to carry out several projects have proved to be a breakthrough in treating various diseases occurring in the society. The Human Genome Project is an example of the advantages of this model. Human Genome Proj

Lab report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Lab report - Essay Example Further, the overall RPM range for the AC motor was approximately 1/3 that of the rpm range for the DC motor. Likewise, the AC motor was ultimately providing the power and driving the DC motor. Lastly, the AC motors in synchronous speed decrease was tangentially related to the decrease in AC motor drive frequency. The underlying goal for these experiments was to provide a deeper understanding into the ultimate effects of many of the mechanical and electrical factors that impact upon the performance of a DC motor. Furthermore, the lab itself provides for an understanding of the effects of closed loop and open loop speed control mechanisms; utilizing linear and pulsed circuitry. The underlying necessity for fixed speed motors is ultimately an issue of sensory features. For instance, a compact disc player requires an electric engine to keep a minimum basic rpm range as a means of accurately reading the CD itself and translating this information into audible sound. Accordingly, a fixed magnet motor is composed of the following core components listed below in Figure 1.0 as was noted, the passing current creates a magnetic field which in turn produces torque that drives the engine itself. This is a basic compound and construct of any electrical loader. Yet, in order to ensure that the Armature begins rotating it is necessary for the torque of the engine to overcome the mechanical load that it is faced with. Additionally, the relationship between torque and current is known as a torque constant. As the armature begins to rotate, it circumvents the magnetic field of the magnets. Accordingly, and electromotive force is required and generated in order to supply the voltage that is necessary to engage this particular operation. Lastly, it must also be understood that winding and the action of the commentator brushes requires its own level of resistance as well. The exercise attempted to

Physiology Of Human Bones And Joints Biology Essay

Physiology Of Human Bones And Joints Biology Essay This includes all the physical and chemical processes that go on inside living things and that are necessary for proper functioning of the body. Physiology is closely related to anatomy, the study of different organs in a body and their relative positioning. This is because an understanding of functions of body parts requires a prior understanding of how the body is built. Human physiology is the specific study of the workings of the human body. The organ system approach is usually employed to study human physiology, including that of the bones and joints. Organ systems are a group of cells, tissues, and organs with a particular function. Organ Systems The human body consists of the following organ systems:  [2]   Musculoskeletal System This system consists of bones of the skeleton, joints, muscles, connective tissue, ligaments, tendon, and cartilage. The musculoskeletal system provides a framework for the body, protects many critical organs, and facilitates movements of movable body parts. Nervous System This system is there for transmission of signals between different parts of the body for coordination of body movement. The nervous system comprises the brain, spinal cord, sensory cells called neurons or nerve cells, and nerves that connect these sensory cells. Cardiovascular System This system includes heart, blood, and blood vessels. It supplies nutrients to all parts of the body through blood. The system works in close conjunction with the respiratory system. Respiratory System This system consists of the lungs, air passages, and respiratory muscles. It arranges for oxygenation of blood and release of carbon dioxide from blood. Endocrine System This system is made up of numerous glands, each secreting some hormone. These hormones are released directly into the bloodstream for regulation of the bodys metabolism. This organ system includes glands such as the pituitary gland, adrenal gland, thyroid gland, pineal gland, pancreas, and thymus. The pancreas is also a part of the digestive system and functions as an endocrine as well as exocrine gland. Digestive System This system absorbs nutrients from consumed food and disposes waste. It consists of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus. The liver and pancreas, which secrete digestive juices, are also part of this system. This system works in active collaboration with the nervous system and the cardiovascular system. Urinary System This system produces, stores, and disposes urine. It is made up of two kidneys, two ureters, one bladder, and a urethra. Reproductive System The reproductive system is involved with the production of reproductive cells. It also provides a mechanism through which these cells are combined. This system consists of external genitalia as well as organs that produce the reproductive cells. Immune System The immune system protects the body against disease. It includes bone marrow, white blood cells, lymph system, antibodies, spleen, and thymus. Integumentary System This system safeguards the body from damage and comprises of the skin and appendages of the skin such as nails and hair. The study of human physiology includes an exhaustive focus on all these systems. This study has to be combined with a fundamental understanding of the molecular, cellular, and tissue level principles that form the basis of the functions of these systems. Proper functioning of the human body requires all these systems to work smoothly. The overall health of the human body is determined by the efficiency of the collective or integrated working of all these systems. An important concept in physiology is homeostasis. This refers to the maintenance of certain physiological parameters within a narrow range despite frequent changes in the external environment. Such a control is essential for proper functioning of all the organ systems. The physiological parameters that need to be kept within limits include body temperature and concentration of electrolytes and glucose in the cells. Physiology Explained Origins of the Term Physio The term physio is derived from the Greek word phusis, meaning nature, and was used by people of ancient Greece around 1000 B.C. The word phusis is also said to refer to the Greek goddesses of nature who maintained the balance of nature. The term also implied normality as opposed to something that is monstrous or perverse.  [3]   Differences Considerable physiological differences exist between humans, other animals, and microorganisms. These differences can usually be ascribed to the process of evolution. Darwins theory of evolution proposes that all life on earth started from a single-celled organism that slowly diversified into numerous species. In order to adapt to the surroundings, the physiology of organisms changed slowly. Different climatic conditions triggered different type of changes and, over the centuries, led to the development of varied life forms. Humans have an average brain-to-body mass ratio of 1:40 that is exceeded only by small birds (1:12). This highly developed brain is said to be the reason why humans are more intelligent than other animals. Such a brain is also the reason why humans have a longer memory than most other animals. Usually, animals beyond the human species live in the moment and are, therefore, free from emotions such as spite, guilt, and self-consciousness. Fingers and Legs The thumb is most developed in people. During evolution, Man felt greater need for the thumb and hence it developed better than in other species. The thumb adds a whole new dimension to the activities that humans can perform. People could make and use tools and advance scientifically because of the thumb. While a superbly developed brain provides the arthritis patient with ideas, the thumb helps in the conversion of some of these ideas into practice. Humans walk on two hind legs while most other animals walk on all four legs.  [4]  Certain types of monkeys do walk on two legs, but that is not their normal mode of mobility. This feature provides the arthritis victim with an erect posture and frees their hands for other, more important activities. This is also the reason why humans have a running speed lower than most other animals of a comparable size. Cardiovascular, Communication, and Sensual Differences The number of chambers in the heart vary among animals. Humans have four chambers, reptiles usually three (except crocodiles that have four chambers), fishes have two, and so on. Moreover, communication skills are very highly developed in humans as compared to other animals. Man is the only animal capable of articulate and coherent speech as opposed to certain sounds and gestures made by animals that can convey their emotions only in a broad sense. As compared to many other animals, humans have an inferior sense of smell, eyesight, and hearing. During the course of evolution, humans made steady progress and started to tailor their environment to their needs. In a partly customized environment, the necessity of these senses declined as compared to when humans lived in open and, often, unprotected environments. Microbiological Differences Humans and animals have numerous organs that are a collection of many cells and tissues. Each organ has some function(s). This specialization is either absent or limited in microorganisms as the number of cells is limited. Organ systems such as musculoskeletal system, nervous system, and cardiovascular system are usually absent in the bodies of microorganisms. Many microorganisms are capable of rapid reproduction when the temperatures are moderately high. This rate is very high as compared to humans and most other animals, and the reproduction activity slows down in cold environments. Microbes such as bacteria can freely exchange genes with other similar species leading to quick mutation and evolution. This process of horizontal gene transfer poses great challenges for medical science as the variant species can resist even targeted medication. Reproduction in microbes can be asexual, sexual or both.  [5]  Fungi reproduce asexually while bacteria can re produce in both ways. Barring a few exceptions, most animals reproduce sexually. It is the sexual reproduction in bacteria that can lead to mutation and associated problems for medical science. This process is called conjugation and involves transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another via a thread type structure known as pilus. Such a transfer enables the bacteria to pass characteristics and leads to the formation of a varied species capable of survival in newer, more hostile environments. Normal Functions of Bones and Joints Purpose of Bones All the bones and joints in the body form the skeletal system that is inherently linked with muscles to form the musculoskeletal organ system. The skeletal system serves three fundamental functions.  [6]  As noted from chapter three, the skeletal system supports all the other organ systems of the body by providing a framework of bones and joints on and inside which other organ systems are rested. This structure also provides shape to the body. Bones provide protection from internal organs such as brain, lungs, uterus and others. This is a notable function and, therefore, merits a somewhat detailed treatment: The skull encases the brain and protects the eyes and the middle and inner ears. The sternum, rib cage, and spine shield the heart, lungs, and prominent blood vessels. The vertebral column forms a covering around the spinal cord. The spine and ilium safeguards the hip and the digestive and urogenital systems. Movement Movement is provided by bones in combination with attached muscles. Skeletal muscles operate in pairs and when one relaxes, the other simply contracts. An example is the bicep-triceps combination. When the arm is stretched, the bicep relaxes with contraction of the triceps and vice versa. Many times, bones provide leverage by amplifying the magnitude and changing the direction of force generated by the muscles. Impaired Bone Health Overview of Consequences Unhealthy bones are unable to perform all or any of their functions of support, movement, protection, production of blood cells, and acting as a reservoir and dumping locations respectively for useful and toxic minerals. Bone disease is a generic term for disorders related to bones that make bones weak and brittle and, therefore, more likely to break. Sources for bone disorders include heredity, nutritional deficiencies, injuries, and infections. The general effects are a pronounced decrease in the quality of life due to the inability to move efficiently and due to frequent bone injuries and possibly fractures. Premature death can result in extreme cases. Infectious Arthritis This can result in people with weak joints. The source is a fungal, viral, or bacterial infection in such joints and the symptoms include swelling and redness around the joint, joint pain, and fever. The infection is transferred through blood or can be a result of injury, surgery, or injection. Infectious arthritis is discussed further in chapter 19. Rickets This is found in children and is due to vitamin D deficiency. It makes the bones weak and soft. The effects include restricted movements with bone and muscle pain. Low bone density is due to insufficient development of bone mass during childhood. This can aggravate into osteoporosis later on in life.  [7]   Bone Cancer This affects the normal functioning of bone cells and tissues. Usually, cancer in the bone is a result of spread of cancerous cells to bones from another part of the body. Very rarely does bone cancer originate in bone cells. There are different types of bone cancers that affect bone cells, cartilage cells, and the bone marrow. Symptoms include swelling, pain, and weak bones; fatigue, unexplained weight loss, night sweats, and chills. This disorder can assume serious proportions if it affects a load-bearing bone such as the femur, forcing the patient to use a wheelchair for considerable duration of the treatment. Pagets Disease This bone disease interrupts the cycle of continuous breakdown and rebuilding of bones. Severe pain and swelling in joints are the symptoms of this disorder that can enlarge and weaken the bones. This can intensify into other disorders such as deafness and arthritis. Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI) This is a genetic disease that causes bones to break easily and other conditions such as curved spine, weak muscles, brittle teeth, and hearing loss. The disease causing gene is inherited and affects the development of collagen a protein that in turn affects bone development. Fibrous Dysplasia This results in replacement of bones with fibrous tissue, thereby causing excessive growth and swelling of bones. Weak bones affect the ability to walk and the disorder can also cause endocrine problems. The reason this disorder inspires a certain degree of awe is because the cause is unknown, it cannot be prevented, and cure only aims to mitigate the adverse effects. Osgood-Schlatter Disease This malady affects the area where the knee cap and tibia (shinbone) are connected. The disease is more likely to affect adolescents and causes swelling, tenderness, and pain in the affected area. The pain can range from mild to severe and from occasional to constant. Physiology of Joints Purpose of Joints Joints are those locations where two or more bones are attached. Joints provide connectivity between different bones of the body. The fact that almost all bones are connected to form the skeletal system and that the muscles are connected to the skeleton ensures coordination of movement between different parts of the body. This connectivity integrates all the body parts into one whole entity. Joints facilitate movement through contraction and relaxation of muscles. Purposeful movement is fundamental to animal behavior and enables them to execute all activities necessary for survival, leisure, and reproduction. A certain amount of flexibility is lent to the skeletal structure by joints, which also serve as shock absorbers. Evolution has lent different structure to different types of joints in different animals. However, their essential functions remain unchanged. An example is the joints in the hind legs of land based carnivores that are designed for pouncing on prey. This is why they can jump high by using their hind legs. At the other end of the spectrum are the herbivores with bones and joints of hind legs designed for high speed. The joints of monkeys are designed for quick climbing and rapid movement among trees. Reptile joints enable them to crawl and pounce at high speeds. All members of the cat family except the cheetah have retractable claws. The claws are made so as they are joined to the last phalange that can move forward or backward along a curvilinear path. This mechanism prevents unnecessary wearing of claws. The claws are voluntarily unsheathed only during hunting and serious fighting. The cheetah is designed for high speed and requires the claws to be continuously unsheathed in order to gain and maintain traction while sprinting. Even among carnivores, joints serve slightly different functions. Members of the dog family have joints compatible for a prolonged chase. Their hunting strategy involves wearing down the prey. Cats are ambush hunters. Their joints are stronger and capable of sudden acceleration for bringing down the prey suddenly. This would also mean greater shock absorbing capacity of their joints, although they are not suited for endurance. In humans, all joints can provide movement except the bones of the cranium. These cover the brain and are not capable of movement for obvious reasons. The human palm has a peculiar structure where the thumb provides exceptional gripping ability. Such a structure is absent in all the other animals and bestows humans with the capacity to execute a whole range of specialized activities. Joints in the human body can be classified on the basis of type of movement that they provide physiologically: Hinge joints facilitate movement similar to that of a hinged door along one axis only. They allow up-or-down movement but not from side to side. Examples of such joints are the elbow, knee, and the upper and lower jaw. Ball and socket joints allow movement in all directions upwards, downwards, and sideways. The shoulder is an example of such a joint. Another example is the acetabulam or the hip joint where the thigh bone is connected to the pelvis. Pivot joints permit pivotal movement of one part about the other. An example of this type of joint is the movement of the skull about the backbone where the skull can rotate about the topmost bone of the backbone. Gliding Joint is characterized by gliding movement of one bone / part over the other. The wrist joint is an example of such a joint. Joints can also be classified according to the mechanism that holds the bones together at the joint. Application of this criterion renders the following types of joints.  [8]   Fibrous or immovable joints are held together by ligaments only. Examples of such joints are the radioulnar and tibiofibular joints, the joints of bones inside the forearm and shin, respectively. Cartilaginous joints are where the connection between bones is provided by cartilage. An example is the joints between the vertebrae. Synovial joints are held together by a synovial capsule that is made from the protein collagen. The inner layer of this capsule is known as the synovial membrane and it secretes a lubricant called synovial fluid. Furthermore, there is a hyaline cartilage that pads the ends of the bones in these joints. Synovial joints can be hinge joints, ball and socket joints, pivot joints, or gliding joints. They can also be saddle type or condyloid type. Different finger bones of the same finger are joined by a saddle joint while condyloid joints join the metacarpal bones to the first phalanges. Developmental Aspects of Male and Female Bones Overall Bone Similarities When it comes to bones and joints, considerable similarities exist between the framework of males and females. As a matter of fact, the skeletons of all primates exhibit certain generic features such as a large brain, highly developed fingers and thumb, generalized pattern of teeth, forward facing eyes, and bony eye sockets. The following points of resemblance are observed between the human male and human female skeleton. Both have exactly the same number of bones: 206. Same number of bones also means the same number of joints, although the precise number of joints in the human body is a matter of debate in view of differences in opinion on what constitutes a joint. An inclusive estimate indicates to the presence of about 250 to 350 joints in the human body. The shape of most bones in the male and female skeleton is similar, although some bones are differently shaped in view of the different roles of males and females. The femur or the thigh bone is the longest and strongest bone in both human males and human females. Stirrup or stapes is the smallest bone in the human skeleton irrespective of gender. This bone is located in the middle ear and its average size ranges between 0.25 cm to 0.33 cm. The average human bone density is around 1500 kg/m3 for a normal, healthy adult, although males have slightly higher bone density than women. Here again, different researchers have obtained varying results rang ing between 1000 kg/m3 to 1900 kg/m3. With this, the human skeleton comprises a significant percent of the total body weight. Exceptions Certain peculiarities or exceptions are common to the male and female skeletons. The presence of fused bones in the cranium and pelvis serves as an example here. These bones are not connected through joints but fit into each other the way pieces of a jigsaw puzzle do. The three bones in the middle ear, collectively referred to as ossicles, connect only with each other. The hyoid bone located in the neck serves as a connection point for the tongue. It is not connected to any bone in the skeleton. It is held in position only by muscles and ligaments. Overall Bone Differences Different hormones affect the development of bones in males and females and this is the primary reason for bone differences. Testosterone is the main hormone that affects bone development in males while estrogen does the same for females.  [9]  The differences between male and female skeletons can be better understood when seen in the context of differences in race, lifestyle, and physical activity. When comparisons are made between males and females of the same race and with comparable lifestyles, the following points of differences can be observed. In Relation to Childbirth There are two differences in relation to the process of childbirth covered in the precedingchapter. Females have a more movable coccyx or tailbone and a wider and flatter sacrum connected to the pelvis. The coccyx is the last bone of the backbone and sacrum is similarly located near the end of the spinal column. Such a structure allows the head and shoulders of the fetus to pass through the cavity during childbirth. Bones that make up the arms and legs are thicker, longer and, therefore, stronger in case of males. Bones in the arm include the humerus that supports the bicep, radius, and the ulna that support the forearm. Males possess relatively larger phalanges or finger bones. Size Male skeletons are usually larger and heavier than female skeletons. Traditionally, men have assumed the responsibility of hunting, gathering, and working outdoors while women have been assigned to domestic responsibilities and childbearing. Men, therefore, have traditionally needed more strength and this explains the strength-related differences in the male and female skeletons. Face The facial bone structure in males and females is different on account of difference in the structure of the skull. Men have more developed bulge at the back of the head and more noticeable brow ridges. The chin area of men is more angular and square as compared to female chins that are pointed and more rounded. Spine Length and Others The length of spine in women is shorter as compared to men. The shorter spine creates an illusion of female legs being longer than that of males. Other differences include a narrower rib cage, more rounded shoulder blades, and smaller teeth in the female skeleton. Developmental Aspects of Male and Female Joints Overall Similarities Human male and female joints have certain common features. The first similarity is the number of joints. Since the number of bones in the bodies of males and females is same, the number of joints is also same. The number of joints is between 250 to 350.  [10]  There is no exact number due to lack of unanimity on what precisely constitutes a joint. Another prominent similarity is the types of joints. Both males and females have the same types of joints according to the mechanism for holding joints together. The functions of most of the joints in males and females are similar. This point of similarity is a natural corollary to there being equal number and same type of joints. Differences Men have broader shoulders and smaller waists while women have wider hips and narrower shoulders. This makes the angles of muscle alignment and tendon attachment different in the joints of males and females.  [11]  Female joints are, on an average, more flexible and have a greater range of movement than male joints.  [12]  This is due to women having a lower center of gravity due to wider hips and greater distribution of weight around the hips and thighs. On account of this significant point, the following dissimilarities are observed: 1) It is easier for women to perform mobility exercises and exhibit actions such as hurdling and the fosbury flop during high jump, while; 2) men are better at events such as long jump, shot put, and hammer throw; 3) the said feature also makes women less susceptible to injuries during the execution of jumps over hurdles, but on the downside, this feature lowers the efficiency of the muscle pull and makes women more prone to muscle injuries and 4) elbows and ankles in the male skeleton are smaller and have a smaller carrying angle as compared to female skeletons. This makes male elbows and ankles stronger. Analysis Physiology is the study of functions of different organs and organ systems in the human body, which body consists of ten organ systems. The bodys overall health is determined by how well these systems function collectively. People are the apex creatures on this planet on account of their highly developed brain, thumb, and communication. The skeletal system consisting of bones and joints is the physical foundation on which other organ systems of the body are rested. It also protects different organs in the body and with the attached muscle system forms the musculoskeletal system that facilitates movement of movable body parts. Due to differences in their biological roles, bones and joints of men and women are slightly different. Men have broader shoulders while women have wider hips. This provides a lower center of gravity for women with greater joint flexibility and better coordination of movement. The same feature, however, makes women more prone to muscle injuries.